Radu I, 1377-1383 AD Dracula. Transylvania . Vlad the Impaler Grandfather

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Radu I(died 1383) was aVoivodeofWallachia(c. 1377 c. 1383). His year of birth is unattested in any primary source. He was the son ofNicolae Alexandruand half-brother and successor toVladislav I. He is identified by many historians as the legendaryRadu Negru, a mythicalvoievodeof the early medieval stateWallachia, founder of the state’s institutions and ruler. Radu IVoivode of WallachiaVoivode of Wallachia. Reign c. 1377 c. 1383. PredecessorVladislav I of Wallachia.SuccessorDan I of Wallachia Spouse Doamna Ana Doamna Calinichia. IssueDan I of Wallachia Mircea I of Wallachia Jupan StaicoHouseBasarab. FatherNicolae Alexandru of Wallachia. MotherDoamna Clara Dobokai? Beginning of reign Radu was the only son ofNicholas Alexander of Wallachiaby his second wife,Clara Dobokai.He was co-ruler with his half-brother Vladislav I at least from 1372.He may have started his reign as sole ruler after 9 July 1374 when the last documentary mention of his brother as being alive is dated. Unfortunately, there aren’t any internal documents that could attest his reign. There are a few external mentions of him, primarily documents of theKingdom of Hungaryand a contemporary Italian chronicle and also a late pisanie , an inscription on the walls ofCurtea de Arge Cathedraland an important quantity of coins (ducati,dinariand bani) which were emitted by the voievod . Conflicts with the Kingdom of Hungary The relations with the Hungarian kingship during his reign remained tense, resulting in armed conflicts. The details of these fights remain unclear. An Italian chronicle “Cronaca Carrarese” tells about an expedition of the Hungarian kingLouis the Greatbetween 5 July – 14 August 1377 with the intention of subduing a one “Radano principe diBulgariainfedele” (Italian), identified with Radu I. These tense relations which preceded the fight are confirmed by the registers of theVenetian Republicwhere, in the same year, a large order of full-equip armors made by theWallachianvoievod appears. These armors were to be worn by those “armadura da cavali”, 10.000 at number who were defeated in battle against the Hungarian king as pointed out by the Italian chronicle. It is hard to tell whether the troops of the Wallachian voievod were truly defeated, as from the internal documents of the Kingdom of Hungary which were published in the next period, it appears that the Hungarian king still had the intention of subduing the unfaithful voievod. Thus on 19 November of the same year, the king promised the Saxon traders of Transylvania fromBrasovthat if Wallachia becomes his possession he reduces the dues. On the contrary, in an order given to the landlord ofOrsovain 1382 through which he was obliged to forbid any foreign trader to enter Wallachia with merchandise and to keep guard of the border “day and night” reporting everything that happened, there is no mention of a HungarianbanofSeverinand Orsova appears as border point thus suggesting that the Eastern part of Banat was annexed by the Wallachian voievod Radu I. Maybe linked to this fact is the strange name given to the voievod in the biography ofSigismund of Luxembourgin which, speaking ofVlad Dracul, it is said that he was the son of “Merzeweydan” (Mircea) and grandson of “Pankraz dem Weisen” (Pankraz the Wise). The name Pankraz (Pancratius) is explained from the deterioration of the name Radu Ban (ban of Severin, title taken after the conquest of the territory). Nevertheless, the Wallachian voievod, in another Hungarian document which is contemporary with the events of 1377, bears the name “Godon” as well strange and unclear. Other accomplishments An important event linked to the reign of Radu I is the move of the remains of Saint Filofteia fromTarnovotoArges, event which happened app. in 1384 when the scene is painted on the walls of theCurtea de Arges Cathedralthat became the guardian of the Saint and whosectitorwas the voievod with his brother and father. His activity as ctitor of religious establishments makes him one of the most active rulers of Wallachia, building a large number of churches withTismana,CoziaandCotmeanabeing the most important. Also, during his reign the two Catholic cathedrals from Severin (a. 1380)and Arges (9 mai 1381) are built and following the tradition, a Catholic monastery inTargoviste. Another important and controversial moment of his reign is represented by his, not well supported by evidences, ruling over the smaller of the twoBulgarian statesin that moment – theTsardom of Vidin. At the basis of this theory stands an illegible inscription on the walls of Curtea de Arges Cathedral in which, some researchers, identified the title domn singur stpnitor al Ungrovlahiei, al Vidinului i al oblastiei Vidinului (“sole ruler of Ungrovlahia,Vidinand theOblastof Vidin”). It is true that the relations between the Wallachian rulers Vladislav I and Radu I and the BulgarianTsarsfrom Tarnovo and Vidin,ShishmanandIvan Sratsimirwere very tensed, the latter being themselves in conflicts for the succession of the paternal throne. Once, Vladislav I managed to annex Vidin, but he later gave it to the rightful ruler. It is possible that the same thing was done by Radu I, although the proofs supporting this theory are insufficient. Death and tomb The exact date of his death, as well as his tomb, remain unknown. Archaeological digs carried out in 1920 around the voievodal necropolis (in the grounds of theCurtea de Arges Cathedral), have revealed a rich tomb dating from the end of the 14th century, presumed to be that of Radu I. His attire, jewelry and other accessories show him as a powerful feudal ruler, with all the pomp of theWallachiancourt supported by evidence that is Radu I lost tomb. Radu I and Lady Ana in a mural representation on the walls ofPrincely Church of Saint Nicholas

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